Rapid Review the American Revolution & Constitution 1754-1789
The Revolutionary State of war (1775-83), also known as the American Revolution, arose from growing tensions between residents of Great Britain'south 13 Northward American colonies and the colonial authorities, which represented the British crown. Skirmishes betwixt British troops and colonial militiamen in Lexington and Concord in April 1775 kicked off the armed conflict, and past the following summer, the rebels were waging a full-calibration state of war for their independence. French republic entered the American Revolution on the side of the colonists in 1778, turning what had substantially been a ceremonious war into an international conflict. Afterwards French assistance helped the Continental Army force the British surrender at Yorktown, Virginia, in 1781, the Americans had effectively won their independence, though fighting would non formally end until 1783.
Causes of the Revolutionary War
For more than a decade before the outbreak of the American Revolution in 1775, tensions had been building between colonists and the British authorities.
The French and Indian War, or 7 Years' State of war (1756-1763), brought new territories nether the power of the crown, but the expensive conflict lead to new and unpopular taxes. Attempts by the British government to raise revenue by taxing the colonies (notably the Postage stamp Act of 1765, the Townshend Acts of 1767 and the Tea Human activity of 1773) met with heated protest among many colonists, who resented their lack of representation in Parliament and demanded the same rights as other British subjects.
Colonial resistance led to violence in 1770, when British soldiers opened burn down on a mob of colonists, killing 5 men in what was known as the Boston Massacre. Afterward December 1773, when a band of Bostonians altered their advent to hide their identity boarded British ships and dumped 342 chests of tea into Boston Harbor during the Boston Tea Party, an outraged Parliament passed a series of measures (known as the Intolerable, or Coercive Acts) designed to reassert purple authority in Massachusetts.
In response, a group of colonial delegates (including George Washington of Virginia, John and Samuel Adams of Massachusetts, Patrick Henry of Virginia and John Jay of New York) met in Philadelphia in September 1774 to give vocalism to their grievances confronting the British crown. This First Continental Congress did not become then far every bit to demand independence from United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland, but it denounced taxation without representation, as well as the maintenance of the British army in the colonies without their consent. It issued a declaration of the rights due every denizen, including life, liberty, property, assembly and trial by jury. The Continental Congress voted to run into again in May 1775 to consider further activity, but by that time violence had already broken out.
On the night of Apr 18, 1775, hundreds of British troops marched from Boston to nearby Agree, Massachusetts in social club to seize an arms cache. Paul Revere and other riders sounded the alarm, and colonial militiamen began mobilizing to intercept the Redcoats. On Apr 19, local militiamen clashed with British soldiers in the Battles of Lexington and Hold in Massachusetts, marking the "shot heard round the globe" that signified the start of the Revolutionary State of war.
Declaring Independence (1775-76)
When the Second Continental Congress convened in Philadelphia, delegates–including new additions Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson–voted to grade a Continental Army, with Washington as its commander in chief. On June 17, in the Revolution's commencement major battle, colonial forces inflicted heavy casualties on the British regiment of General William Howe at Breed's Hill in Boston. The engagement, known every bit the Battle of Bunker Loma, ended in British victory, but lent encouragement to the revolutionary cause.
Whorl to Continue
Throughout that fall and wintertime, Washington'southward forces struggled to go on the British contained in Boston, simply artillery captured at Fort Ticonderoga in New York helped shift the residuum of that struggle in late winter. The British evacuated the metropolis in March 1776, with Howe and his men retreating to Canada to fix a major invasion of New York.
Past June 1776, with the Revolutionary War in full swing, a growing majority of the colonists had come to favor independence from Britain. On July four, the Continental Congress voted to adopt the Declaration of Independence, drafted by a five-human committee including Franklin and John Adams but written mainly by Jefferson. That same month, adamant to crush the rebellion, the British government sent a big armada, along with more 34,000 troops to New York. In August, Howe's Redcoats routed the Continental Ground forces on Long Isle; Washington was forced to evacuate his troops from New York Urban center by September. Pushed across the Delaware River, Washington fought back with a surprise assail in Trenton, New Jersey, on Christmas night and won another victory at Princeton to revive the rebels' flagging hopes before making winter quarters at Morristown.
Saratoga: Revolutionary War Turning Signal (1777-78)
British strategy in 1777 involved 2 main prongs of attack aimed at separating New England (where the rebellion enjoyed the almost popular support) from the other colonies. To that finish, General John Burgoyne's regular army marched south from Canada toward a planned meeting with Howe's forces on the Hudson River. Burgoyne'south men dealt a devastating loss to the Americans in July past retaking Fort Ticonderoga, while Howe decided to move his troops southward from New York to confront Washington's army nigh the Chesapeake Bay. The British defeated the Americans at Brandywine Creek, Pennsylvania, on September 11 and entered Philadelphia on September 25. Washington rebounded to strike Germantown in early on October before withdrawing to winter quarters near Valley Forge.
Howe's move had left Burgoyne's regular army exposed virtually Saratoga, New York, and the British suffered the consequences of this on September 19, when an American forcefulness nether Full general Horatio Gates defeated them at Freeman'due south Farm in the first Battle of Saratoga. After suffering another defeat on October seven at Bemis Heights (the 2d Battle of Saratoga), Burgoyne surrendered his remaining forces on October 17. The American victory Saratoga would evidence to exist a turning indicate of the American Revolution, as it prompted France (which had been secretly aiding the rebels since 1776) to enter the state of war openly on the American side, though it would not formally declare war on Great United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland until June 1778. The American Revolution, which had begun as a civil conflict between Britain and its colonies, had become a world war.
Stalemate in the North, Boxing in the South (1778-81)
During the long, hard wintertime at Valley Forge, Washington's troops benefited from the preparation and subject area of the Prussian armed services officer Baron Friedrich von Steuben (sent past the French) and the leadership of the French aristocrat Marquis de Lafayette. On June 28, 1778, as British forces under Sir Henry Clinton (who had replaced Howe equally supreme commander) attempted to withdraw from Philadelphia to New York, Washington's ground forces attacked them well-nigh Monmouth, New Jersey. The boxing effectively concluded in a draw, as the Americans held their basis, simply Clinton was able to become his regular army and supplies safely to New York. On July viii, a French armada commanded by the Comte d'Estaing arrived off the Atlantic coast, ready to do battle with the British. A joint assail on the British at Newport, Rhode Island, in late July failed, and for the most part the war settled into a stalemate stage in the North.
The Americans suffered a number of setbacks from 1779 to 1781, including the defection of Full general Bridegroom Arnold to the British and the kickoff serious mutinies inside the Continental Army. In the S, the British occupied Georgia past early 1779 and captured Charleston, S Carolina in May 1780. British forces under Lord Charles Cornwallis then began an offensive in the region, crushing Gates' American troops at Camden in mid-August, though the Americans scored a victory over Loyalist forces at King's Mountain in early on October. Nathanael Green replaced Gates as the American commander in the Southward that December. Nether Green's command, General Daniel Morgan scored a victory against a British force led by Colonel Banastre Tarleton at Cowpens, South Carolina, on January 17, 1781.
Revolutionary War Draws to a Close (1781-83)
By the autumn of 1781, Greene's American forces had managed to force Cornwallis and his men to withdraw to Virginia's Yorktown peninsula, near where the York River empties into Chesapeake Bay. Supported by a French army commanded by General Jean Baptiste de Rochambeau, Washington moved against Yorktown with a total of around 14,000 soldiers, while a fleet of 36 French warships offshore prevented British reinforcement or evacuation. Trapped and overpowered, Cornwallis was forced to surrender his entire army on October nineteen. Challenge disease, the British general sent his deputy, Charles O'Hara, to surrender; afterward O'Hara approached Rochambeau to surrender his sword (the Frenchman deferred to Washington), Washington gave the nod to his ain deputy, Benjamin Lincoln, who accepted it.
Though the motility for American independence finer triumphed at the Battle of Yorktown, contemporary observers did not see that equally the decisive victory even so. British forces remained stationed around Charleston, and the powerful primary army still resided in New York. Though neither side would take decisive activity over the better part of the adjacent ii years, the British removal of their troops from Charleston and Savannah in tardily 1782 finally pointed to the end of the disharmonize. British and American negotiators in Paris signed preliminary peace terms in Paris late that November, and on September 3, 1783, Great U.k. formally recognized the independence of the Us in the Treaty of Paris. At the aforementioned fourth dimension, Britain signed split up peace treaties with France and Spain (which had entered the conflict in 1779), bringing the American Revolution to a close after eight long years.
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Source: https://www.history.com/topics/american-revolution/american-revolution-history
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